What your bad breath could be telling you about your oral health

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What your bad breath could be telling you about your oral health

FALLS CHURCH, VIRGINIA, UNITED STATES

08.28.2026

Defense Health Agency

Occasional bad breath, also known as halitosis, can be a temporary problem, often caused by certain smelly foods like garlic or onions. However, persistent bad breath can be a red flag, signaling oral health issues that require attention from a dentist or medical professional

Douglas Elsesser, a program analyst with the Dental Program Branch of the TRICARE Health Plan, at the Defense Health Agency, said, “Understanding potential causes of bad breath and taking proactive steps can help maintain not only fresh breath but also your overall well-being.”

The role of bacteria and poor oral hygiene

The most common reason for bad breath is the overgrowth of bacteria in your mouth. These bacteria thrive on food particles left behind on your teeth, gums, and tongue, and release a foul smell

If you don’t brush and floss regularly, plaque (the sticky film of bacteria on your teeth) builds up, allowing bacteria to grow, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This can lead to cavities and gum disease, which often causes bad breath

Don’t forget to brush your tongue, too. Your tongue has many tiny grooves and bumps that trap bacteria

Other possible reasons for bad breath

• Dry mouth (Xerostomia). Saliva helps cleanse your mouth, and a lack of it can lead to bacterial buildup and bad breath. Certain medications, medical conditions, and even mouth breathing can cause dry mouth.
• Certain foods and drinks. While temporary, strong-smelling foods like garlic, onions, and coffee can cause bad breath, especially if you’re drinking or eating them regularly.
• Tobacco products. Smoking and chewing tobacco are significant causes of unpleasant breath and increase the risk of gum disease.
• Oral infections and cavities. Untreated cavities and infections in your mouth can trap bacteria and food, leading to bad smelling breath.
• Medical conditions. In some cases, persistent bad breath can be a symptom of health issues like diabetes, sinus infections, gastrointestinal problems, tonsil stones, and cancer.

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